After maintaining neutrality for the first three years of the war, the United States decided to formally enter the First World War on 6th April 1917. Beginning their position with predictable. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for America in the World Ser.: America in the World: A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror by Mark Lawrence. Bangladesh and allied forces Opposition forces Results; Bengali expedition in Nepal (1349–1350) Location: Nepal. Bengal: Nepal: Victory. Bengali withdrawal after gaining spoils of war; First Delhite invasion of Bengal (1353–1354) Location: Bengal. Bengal: Delhi Empire: Victory. Delhite invasion of Bengal repelled; Second Delhite invasion of Bengal (1358–1360). War of Liberation, Thebegan on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. The armed struggle was the culmination of a series of events, situations and issues.

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• 2nd World War History In Bangladesh
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A number of official publications were produced after the First World War to give an account of the course of events involving the military forces of a given country. These publications were generally compiled in a series of volumes. Some were written specifically for the benefit of military staff and were, therefore, not biased by the opinions of an author and contained no emotive language. These may seem dry and formal, but they still contain valuable reconstructions of the events that happened. Others were written for the public to read and were more relaxed in style, containing more details of individual personalities.

The accounts of military forces in various theatres of war were drawn from a range of contemporary sources archived after the end of the war including War Diaries, Operational Orders, official military and political documents, regimental and divisional histories and translations of similar documents by the enemy force of the time.

The level of detail of an action by military units is varied. In the case of the British Official Histories the detail covers the actions of a battalion but the German Official History does not give detail beyond the level of the fighting force of the division. This means that the description of a battle action may not contain detailed information about the actions by specific units for people researching the involvement of a relative within a known fighting unit. Nevertheless, it is essential reading for finding out about the background to any battle action, which units fought in it and how the the battle developed as events unfolded.

History of the Great War Based on Official Documents (British Official History)

The British Official History, as it is usually known, was published as a series of volumes between 1923 and 1949. The formal title of the work is the “History of the Great War Based on Official Documents”. It was produced by the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. This was a committee within the government of the United Kingdom and the British Empire between 1904 and the outbreak of the Second World War.

• The military operations consisted of 28 volumes and the official historian responsible for the compilation of this work was Brigadier-General Sir James Edmonds.
• The naval operations consisted of five volumes by naval historian Sir Julian S. Corbett and Henry Newbolt.
• The air operations consisted of six volumes and appendices by Walter Raleigh and H A Jones.
• The medical history of the war was written by the Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) Major General Sir William Grant Macpherson KCMG, CB (1858 - October 1927).

The British Official Histories are invaluable as a source of information for the study of a battle. Together with the account of the development of a battle (what happened and when) these volumes provide background information about the conferences between the Allied nations, Staff plans, logistical support, equipment. There are overview maps and sketch maps of the battlefield during the course of a battle, battle actions chapterized into battlefield sectors, orders of battle (lists of the units taking part), casualty statistics and appendices with a variety of relevant documents such as Operation Orders.

Many of the official history volumes have been reprinted and are available to purchase. It should be possible to borrow a volume from the inter-library loan service and they are available to view at military libraries with reading room facilities, for example at the Imperial War Museum in London. During 2010 the complete set of volumes has been made available on DVD.

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914-1918

The Australian involvement in the First World War was published as a series of 12 volumes edited and writeen by C E W Bean between 1920 and 1942. Bean also was the author of six volumes. The series includes operations by the Australian Imperial Force, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force, the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Flying Corps and the Home Front in Australia. One volume is a photographic record containing photographs by official Australian war photographers, one of whom was Frank Hurley. The volumes have been digitised and are available to view online and to download for free.

Official History of the Canadian Military in the Great War

The published volumes of the official history of the Canadian Army, Medical Services and the Naval Service of Canada in the First World War have been digitised and are available to download for free.

Official History of France in the First World War

The official account of the French Army in the First World War was published as a series of 11 Tomes further divided into 106 volumes of text, annexes and maps:

• Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre, published by Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1922-1937.

Official History of the Imperial German Forces the First World War, 1914-1918

Official History of the German Armies

The German official history of the Imperial German Armies is entitled Der Weltkrieg 1914-1918: Bearbeitet im Reichsarchiv. It was written as a series of 15 volumes and published between 1925 and 1930. The level of detail for military units is limited to divisional level.

Schlachten des Weltkrieges

A companion set of volumes to the official history was produced by the Reichsarchiv as a series of books entitled “Schlachten des Weltkrieges” (Battles of the World War). These varied in style from a more detailed narrative of the events of a particular battle to a more personal viewpoint of a battle. In this respect the former type of work will generally be more useful to researchers because it provides details taken from regimental histories and personal accounts, giving a more details perspective of the troops on the ground. The latter style of personal account is interesting, but written from a subjective standpoint.

Official History of the German Air Force in the Great War

The first part of the book includes technical details of German aircraft, Zeppelin airships, training of personnel. The second part of the book is an account of the German Air Force and its actions during the war. Compiled by Major Georg Paul Neumann. English translation by J E Gurdon.

Official History of the New Zealand Effort in the Great War

The official history of the New Zealand Forces was written up in four volumes.

• Volume I: The New Zealanders at Gallipoli, by Major F Waite, 1921
• Volume II: New Zealand Division 1916-1919, The New Zealanders in France, by Colonel H Stewart
• Volume III: Sinai and Palestine, by Lt Colonel C G Powles, 1922
• Volume IV: The War Effort of New Zealand, Lt H T B Drew, 1923

Union of South Africa and the Great War 1914-1918

The official history of the South African Brigade in the First World War is written up as an official history in one volume divided into 8 parts.

• Union of South Africa and the Great War 1914-1918: Egypt 1915, France 1916 (Battles of Delville Wood and Butte de Warlencourt), Arras and Cambrai 1917, German spring offensive (Battle of the Lys) and Allied summer offensive in 1918. Published 1924.

Official History of the United States Army in the First World War 1917-1919

The official history of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in the First World War was compiled in 18 volumes prepared by the Historical Section of the Army War College. The volumes were numbered 1-17, with volume 10 split into two parts.

Further Reading

Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories, 1915-1948 (Military History and Policy) (paperback)

by Andrew Green

The realistic school between the two World Wars and in the Post War period was represented by a great number of writers who in one way or other dealt with serious social, ethic and moral issues.

In the period after World War I there emerged both in Great Britain and in the USA (as well as in France and Germany)a group of writers who were called 'the lost generation' ('потерянное поколение'). These writers as well as their personages had all passed through the horrors of the war which they had entered with somewhat naive and optimistic illusions, concerning the war's nature and their own mission.

So at last war became a kind of novel enterprise. Having faced the reality of the war, the soldiers -writers lost their pre - war ideals and illusions. Many of the characters in the books of 'the lost generation' lost their lives or returned crippled from the trenches (фронт), either physically or morally, spiritually or both. Having come back from the trenches they found it next to utterly impossible to adjust themselves to the post - war mode of life. So they felt themselves alien among those who had not experienced the war.

Among the most prominent representatives ofthe lost generation' are:

1) Richard Aldington (Ричард Олдингтон) (1892 - 1962) with his novel 'Death of a Hero' ('Смерть героя') (1929) represents the English 'lost generation';

2) Ernest Hemingway (Эрнест Хемингуэй) (1899 - 1961) with his works ' A Farewell to Arms' ('Прощай, оружие') (1929) - a novel, 'The Snows of Kilimanjaro' - story - represents the American 'lost generation';

3) Francis Scott Fitzgerald (Фрэнсис Скотт Фицджеральд) (1896 -1940) with his novel 'The Great Gatsby' ('Великий Гэтсб и') (1925) (in this work the writer shows the character's desire to find some lost ideal) represents the American 'lost generation';

4) William Faulkner (Уильям Фолкнер) (1897 - 1962) with his novel 'Soldier's Pay' ('Солдатская награда') (1926) (this is a story of a soldier who was mutilated and came back home to die) represents the American 'lost generation';

5) Erich Maria Remarque (Эрих Мария Ремарк) with his novels 'Three Comrades' ('Три товарища') and 'All Quiet on the Western Front' ('На западном фронте без перемен') represents the French 'lost generation'.

By the way, the shock after the war was greater in America for young people than for others.

Richard Aldington was the editor of the magazine 'The Egoist' and a member of the Bloomsbury group. He started his literary career with rather obscure verses under the influence of i m a g i s m . During World War I he was badly wounded and after the war he made his living as a critic and a translator (from Latin and Italian). He published 4 volumes of poetry and soon began writing p г о s e . He also lived abroad much (France, America).

His first novel 'Death of a Hero' ('Смерть героя') (1929) is a very complicated work of three parts, different by genre:

l)a Bildungsroman - the author traces the shaping of the hero's character, the influence of education on him;

2) a Kunstroman (or a love story) with complicated love affairs and artistic ambitions of George Winterbourne;

3)a war novel - with the description of the horrors ofthe war which the main character cannot

stand.

The grim war experiences as well as his hopeless future drive Winterbourne to suicide. The title of the novel is ironical as there is nothing heroic in this death. The beginning of the novel tells about the 'hero's' death, the end of the novel - shows that there was nothing heroic in this death. The novel has a frame structure (рамочная конструкция) -the book starts and ends with the description of the same scene.

Aldington is a master of battle - scene descriptions: the reader is like a cameraman, the language is rich in military terms, expressive and dynamic. All his novels are written in a strong antimilitary key.

The period between the two world wars also saw the beginning of the work of a great number of writers who would continue their work (novel writing) in the post - War II times. These were:

1) John Boynton Priestley (Джон Пристли) (1894- 1984);

2) Charles Percy Snow (Чарльз Перси Сноу) (1905 - 1980)ж

3) Graham Greene (ГрэмГрин) (1904 - 1991).

John Boynton Priestley was a novelist, playwright, publicist. His most important works are plays and n о v e 1 s . He is often compared with Chekhov as he is concerned about the problems of an ordinary man.

His most important plays are 'An Inspector Calls' ('Инспектор пришёл') (1945) , 'Dangerous Corner' ('Опасный поворот') (1932) , 'Time and the Conways' ('Время и семья Конвей') (1937).

His most important novels are 'The Good Companions' ('Добрые товарищи') (1929) , 'Three Men in New Suits' ('Трое в новых костюмах') (1945).

In his famous novel 'Angel Pavement' ('Улица ангела') (1960) we read a story about the life and problems of a 'small man' - 'a man from the street' in the society ruled by rich and unscrupulous people.

Charles Percy Snow was a well known politician, novelist, scientist and publicist. His scientific and political career brought him into contact with the ruling circles of Great Britain as well as the intellectual elite of the country. This enabled him to depict the atmosphere in these layers of English society in his humorous novels.

His first and last novels were detective ones - 'Death Under Sail' ('Смерть под парусом') (1932), 'A Coat of Varnish' ('Слой лака/Лакировка') (1978). But he was not merely a detective writer. His main contribution to English literature is a series of novels 'Strangers and Brothers' ('Чужие и братья') which he wrote for 30 years (1940 - the first novel; 1970 - the last novel). It consists of 11 novels and deals with various spheres of English life. All the 11 novels are linked together by one character - Lewis Eliot - who is either the protagonist or a secondary character in this or that book. Here are some of the books among these 11 novels: 'Time of Hope' ('Пора надежд') (1949) and 'Homecomings' ('Возвращения домой') (1956) are mostly family novels showing the life of petty bourgeoisie as well as the ambitions and frustrations of the main character; 'The Masters' ('Наставники') (1951) reveals the atmosphere and the relations of people in the prestigious universities of Oxford and Cambridge; 'The New Men' ('Новые люди') (1954) raises the problem of science and ethics, its characters are scientists working in the field of atomic research, and the conflicts that arise out of the prospects of use of the results of the research make up the plot of the novel; 'Corridors of Power' ('Коридоры власти') (1964) is the most important work among these 11 novels, it mostly deals with political problems and issues. It was Snow who introduced this term - 'corridors of power' ('коридоры власти') - which is quite common and widely used now.

2nd World War History In Bangla

Graham Greene was a very prolific writer, novelist, short - story writer, playwright, publicist. He himself divided his novels into two groups:

1) 'serious novels' -

'The Quiet American' ('Тихий американец') (1955) - the setting

is Vietnam,

'The Power and the Glory' ('Сила и слава') (1940) - the setting is

2nd World War History In Bangladesh

Mexico,

'The Heart of the Matter' ('Суть дела') (1948),

'The Comedians' ('Комедианты') (1966) - there was a great movie

shot by the motifs of the novel with Elizabeth Taylor

starring; the setting is Haiti, 'The Honorary Consul' ('Почётный консул') (1973) - the setting

is Argentina,

'The Human Factor' ('Человеческий фактор') (1978), 'Doctor Fisher of Geneva, or the Bomb Party' ('Доктор

Фишер из Женевы, или Ужин с бомбой') (1980) - the setting is Switzerland.

2) 'entertaining novels' -

'Stamboul Train: An Entertainment' ('Стамбульский

экспресс') (1932), 'A Gun for Sale: An Entertainment' ('Наёмный убийца')

(1936),

'Our Man in Havana' ('Наш человек в Гаване') (1958).

One of the most important features of Greene's works is the extremely wide geography of his novels (Vietnam, Central and South Africa, Haiti, Latin America, Geneva, etc.).

But this borderline between the novels is very vague - very often 'serious novels' contain some detective elements (which are not characteristic of very serious literature), while the 'entertaining novels' raise serious social and political problems.

Serious and political matters are in all his novels and other works, But it is not politics itself that was Greene's main concern. He was interested in man's psychology, reaction to the events the character witnesses. Voluntarily most of his characters at the beginning of novels try to keep aloof from the political and social developments. They often stick to the principle - 'I don't want to be involved'. But as a rule they have to take sides, they are forced to do so. But in this case the character is not guided by any political or social considerations. They make their choice, proceeding from what Greene called 'the human factor' ('человеческий фактор') -the decent, normal man's desire to be on the side of the oppressed and suffering. It was the writer's own life principle. The idea of moral choice and moral involvement brings Greene close to existentialism.

THE MAIN NEW TENDENCIES IN ENGLISH LITERATURE OF THE POST - WAR PERIOD 'THE ANGRY YOUNG MEN' ('THE ANGRTES') AND THE PHILOSOPHICAL NOVEL (50 - 60SS OF THE 20^th CENTURY)

'The Angry Young Men' ('Сердитые молодые люди') as a group of writers emerged in the 1950s. It was not a literary trend, because they did not work out any philosophical or aesthetic platform. They were united only thematically. The main problem of their works was the position of young people in the post - war period in Britain. The situation in the country in the 1950s, when the Labour party was in power and some democratic processes were underway, the young people from the working class and lower middle families began to cherish hopes for some good position in life, for some promising future, which was provoked and encouraged to a great extent by the changes in the educational system in Great Britain.

At that time many provincial 'redbrick universities' were founded in the country (the oldest British universities of Oxford and Cambridge are traditionally called 'grey brick' universities as they were built of grey brick, while the new universities were mostly built of red brick). The graduates of these new universities however were soon disappointed with the reality because it did not come up to their expectations. They failed to get good prestigious jobs to which they hoped. So they felt as if deceived and duped by the Establishment (Истэблишмент) and the whole state system at large - they had got good education but could not get good jobs. They protested against this state of things but their protests was not organized, it was individual, mostly confined to their families. This protest took different forms in literature. Some of the Angries very soon conformed to the laws, conventions and norms which they had recently criticized.

The most prominent representatives of the group were :

1) Kingsley Amis (Кингсли Эмис) (1922 - 1995) - his first novel 'Lucky Jim' ('Счастливчик Джим') (1954) was written in the manner of the Angries;

2) John Braine (Джон Брейн) (1922 - 1986) - his novels 'Room at the Top' ('Путь наверх') (1957) and 'Life at the Top' ('Жизнь наверху') (1962) told about the upper class and the upper society. He criticized their bourgeois conformism. But his later works showed that he himself was prone to this conformism;

3) John Osb orne (Джон Осборн) (1929 - 1994) - he became famous after his play 'Look Back in Anger' ('Оглянись во гневе') (1956)

5) John Wain (Джон Уэйн) (1925).

John Osborne was responsible for the appearance of the name of the group 'the Angry Young Men'. In his play 'Look Back in Anger' the protagonist - Jimmy Porter -graduated from one of the provincial universities but did not get a good job. In the end he got a sweet stall with the help of his friend but he was not content with his life and was angry. But his wife was the one who suffered most of all because of his anger.

The Philosophical novel was another phenomenon of the 1950 - 60ss in English literature. It was called so, because unlike the predecessors who also posed some philosophical issues, the writers of this time dealt with various life situations from a purely philosophical point of view. They were less concerned with concrete realities, with the day-to-day problems, but they tried to understand the general laws of human development and human predicament.

These writers were influenced by the philosophy of existentialism (экзистенциализм) (the philosophy of human existence) which was based on subjective idealism (субъективный идеализм).Asa philosophy existentialism was first developed in the 19^th century by the philosopher Kierkegaard, his followers Heidegger and later - French writers Sartre (Сартр) and Camus (Камю)

(Camus was especially influenced by existentialism in his novel 'The Stranger' ('Посторонний')).

Existentialism looks at the world as absurd, uncognizable (непознаваемый) and chaotic. Human life is purposeless, for its final end is death. Man is a lonely, despairing individual (alien to all the others), living in fear, dismay, anxiety ( 'Angst' - German, 'Angoisse' - French). This philosophy disregards the social preconditions of man's life. The relations between people are characterized by indifference, alienation, lack of understanding and true unity. Man's life is in the hands of some uncognizable force, yet it depends to a great extent on man's free choice. The concept of 'free choice' ('свобода выбора') is one of the key ones of the existential philosophy.

Existentialism is a moral philosophy dealing with the moral laws, principles of human life. It suggests some ways for human existence. Despite life's absurdity and futility (бесполезность), man should try to live his life decently, he should not lose his self, he should have the right to act as he chooses but yet he should be responsible for his actions and his choice, because it affects not only his own destiny but the destiny of the other people too.

The works of philosophical writers also have a sort of experimental character. They often put their characters in hypothetical situations or extreme situations, which demand a lot of effort, thinking, serious consideration. So, fear of freedom (страх свободы) and often fear of death are also among the concepts of existentialists.

Actually none of the English writers followed the ideas of Camus and Sartre completely. Yet their works are permeated with existentialist motifs. Such novels are usually pessimistic and marked by fear. Most of the characters are lonely, despairing individuals, powerless in a hostile and chaotic world.

Symbolism and allegory are the chief literary devices in the philosophical novel. The type of the character is also specific. The characters are rather archetypes (архетипы) (Карл Юнг - автор теории архетипов) than social or psychological types. Archetypes take their roots in mythology. The archetype is a pattern which is reproduced again and again in the course of civilization (for example - Cinderella is the archetype which is understood as 'a girl who was miserable but at the end her dreams come true'; the archetype of love triangle, etc.). Archetypes are preserved in the collective unconscious, i. e. they will be understood by anyone in different periods.

The most prominent representatives of the philosophical novel in English literature are:

1) Iris Murdoch (Айрис Мердок) (1919 - died recently);

2) William Golding (Уильям Голдинг) (1911- 1992).

LITERATURE OF POSTMODERNISM (SINCE THE 70 - 90SS OF THE 20TH CENTURY)

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There is no definition for postmodernism as a term. The word itself suggests that the period came after modernism.

The 20-3 Oss - the period between the two World Wars - can be regarded as the summit of modernism (J. Joyce, V. Woolf, D. H. Lawrence). In the 50-60ss modernist and realistic tendencies coexisted in literature. 'The Angry Young Men' as a phenomenon was a certain return to realism (they discussed the position of the lower middle class).

Postmodernism started in the 70-90ss.Itisa new phenomenon and has features which make it different from modernism and realism. The metaphorical image of literature (from the point of postmodernism) is a mirror.

There are some other important features ofpostmodernist literature:

1) As there are open ends in postmodernist books, the reader is likely to ask 'And what of if?' at the end. Besides it is quite difficult to say whether the characters are good or bad. The form and genre of postmodernism is mainly the novel with elements of different genres and forms.

e.g.: Graham Swift, 'Out ofThis World' -the novel says that human nature is very complicated, unpredictable, complex. And no one has the right to be the judge of another person. This book is a story of a grandfather, father and his daughter;

John Fowles, 'The French Lieutenant's Woman' -the novel has elements of different genres:

historical novel, psychological novel, detective elements, adventure elements, philosophical novel.

Postmodernist literature combines fiction and non-fiction (documentary prose, statistical facts, quotations from different documents, etc.). So, postmodernist literature combines different forms of literature.

2) In postmodernist works history goes side by side with the present and the future. So we may speak about overlapping of time levels in these works.

3) In postmodernist works it is common to mix high culture and mass culture (or 'kitsch' [kitS] - pulp culture, which is the culture of very low intellectuals).

4) Combination of different moods, comic, tragic, humorous, etc. There is usually no general tone in the books.

5) M a g i с realism (магический реализм) is another feature of postmodernist
literature, though the very name of this feature is very contradictory in itself. The Latin-American writer
Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Габриэль Гарей а Маркес) invented it (например,
его роман «Сто лет одиночества» и другие).

In British literature the representatives of magic realism are Salmon Rushdie and Angela Carter. Salmon Rushdie is an Indian writer and writes about Indian reality. For his 'Satanic Verses' ('Сатанинские с т и х и ' ) he was cursed by Muslims and sentenced to death. In the end he had to hide. In his book 'Midnight's Children' the protagonist has a magic faculty to communicate at distance.

Angela Carter in her novel 'Nights at the Circus' discusses levitation.

6) Inter textuality - the use of previously written texts and their elements as the material
for postmodernist writings. Such a use of other texts can also take the form of a parody.

Postmodernist works are like pastiche (a combination of different elements). They may even combine elements of prose and poetry at the same time.

So the writer tries to modify all such elements in order to make them look similar. They often say that postmodernist works remind a kind of patchwork (лоскутное одеяло). And all such things as borrowings, allusions, parody (critical attitude to the primary source), patchwork (combination of different primary sources) are one of the most vivid and bright postmodernist features.

7) Actually, in postmodernist literature there are very few social, novels. And in Great Britain even
if authors touch upon the problems which would be touched upon in social (so called serious) novels,
dealing with contemporary realities and issues, the authors make use of various devices: they draw
parallels with the past or look into the future, resorting to magic realism. In a word they write the so
called experimental novels r resort to what Martin E m i s (he is one of the most well-
known contemporary English writers) called postmodernist t r i с к n e s s .He himself resorted
to such a trickness in his famous novel 'Time's Arrow'. John Fowles in his novel 'The
French Lieutenant's Woman' introduces himself as a character of the book, in his book
'The Collector' the author resorts to the device of allusion - an allusion to
Shakespeare's play 'The Tempest'. Marina Warner in her book 'Indigo'
also reworks 'The Tempest'.

The main themes in postmodernist works:

1) the widely exploited theme - art and literature. Novelists write fictional life stories of the writers
of the former, preceding times:

e.g.: Peter Ackroyd - 'The Last Testament of Oscar

Wilde' - this book is an imaginary diary of O. Wilde;

'Milton In America' - Milton never was in

America but the author imagined this fact;

Antonia Silvia Byatt- 'Possession' -the book shows a parallel between the love stories of two couples: of the 19^th century and of the 20^th century;

2) history is another popular theme in contemporary English literature:

e.g.: GrahamSwift- his novel ' W a t er 1 a n d ' - presents the history of a county in Central England;

'Out of This World' - a story how father made bombs and then his son took pictures of the ruins;

'The Last Order';
IanMcEvan- his novel 'The Black Dogs' - tells about the

extermination of people in Holocaust during World War II;

Kazuo Ishiguro - 'A Pale ViewofHills', 'An Artist in the Floating World' - in the works of this writer his nationality (Japanese) told on his manner of writing: reticent, never explicit, always implicit;

James Ballard - 'Empire ofthe Sun' - this is a very powerful novel (the writer himself was a prisoner in a concentration camp).

The downfall ofthe empire is best treated in the novel 'Midnight's Children' by Sal mon Rushdie;

3) feminist literature is very rich nowadays in Great Britain:

e.g.: FayWeldon- 'Female Friends' ('Подруги');

Margaret Drabble - 'The Realms of Gold' (the writer started as 'an angry young woman');

AnitherBrookner - 'A Start In Life', 'Hotel de Luck' (the author is an Oxford scholar in art);

4) still another phenomenon of postmodernist literature is the widening of ethnic paradigm: a great number of writers born outside Britain have come into English literature lately (Kazuo Ishiguro, Salmon Rushdie, Ben Okri (fromNigeria));

5) many works ofthe British literature ofthe last decades of the 20^th century is permeated with the . apocalyptical mood- 'fin de si e cle ' (конец света).

American literature falls into the following periods:

1) Colonial period, or Puritan Age (the 17^th c. - the first half of the 18^th c);

2) Revolutionary period, or the Enlightenment (the 2^nd half of the 18^th c. - the first half of the 19^th c.);

3) Romanticism (1820 -1860);

4) Realism (1860 - the first World War);

5) Modernism (1914 - 1940s);